How Facebook Effects Relationships - 1670 Words

FACEBOOK Facebook is a popular web page where anybody can create a free account, similar to an email address. The site allows anybody to add friends, post pictures, and let all their friends know what their doing on an hourly basis. At the beginning, the page appeared to be a great way to keep in touch with people who lived two minutes to two hours to two thousand miles away. The site allows all who have accounts to add friends, some who are suggested by the page itself, and keep in touch through quick, easy Internet access. But is the web site actually helping or hurting the relationships we form everyday? There are many benefits to Facebook. Facebook is the quick, easy way to keep up to date with events that happen every day. Once a†¦show more content†¦While there Nev realizes that the girl he had been having a technology-based relationship with is actually the married mother of the 8-year-old sensation. The mother had created a fake Facebook account, added fake friends she had created and posted fake wall posts. Through imagination, and some form of determination this woman formed a relationship with Nev through Facebook updates and text messages. Eric Eisenberg pronounces in a Catfish review, â€Å"As social networking becomes more and more a part of every day life for people of all ages, Catfish is a reminder that it’s wise to wonder what’s truly going on at the other end of the line.† (Eisenberg) The movie simply proves that Facebook can let a person be anyone they want, the pictures, the updates, everything can be a lie, yet nobody will ever know. It’s a concern of trust, but more so of safety. Even though there are many more negative aspects of Facebook, such as the time it consumes from people every day, the things that makes Facebook non-appealing to many is that it creates jealousy, and tension in intimate relationships. On the web site people are able to tag other people in pictures. The website causes jealousy due to pictures because if a person’s significant other is pictured with someone you don’t know, or aren’t comfortable with, or never told you they would be with, the tension rises and questions come up. Another negative effect of Facebook on relationships is how wall posts may not match exactly what aShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Social Networking Sites On Relationships1528 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Several studies have found that using social networking sites excessively, including partner surveillance and monitoring, posting ambiguous information, and compulsive internet use, can be detrimental to romantic relationships (Ridgway Clayton, 2016). Social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, negatively influence our relationships. It is important to know the common conflicts and how to avoid them. It is alsoRead MoreFacebook s Influence On Social Networking1529 Words   |  7 Pageswebsite Facebook is the phrase â€Å"Connect with friends and the world you on Facebook† (Facebook n.p). The idea of needing social networking sites to â€Å"connect† with everyone else one knows or may meet has become embedded in American culture throughout recent years, especially among the teenage population. Facebook is easily the most popular sites, to the point where it would be considered unusual for someone attending high school to not have a profile on the site. However, does the Facebook actuallyRead MoreThe Impact of Facebook on Students Academic Performance Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pages Facebook is one of the most famous social networking websites which has become a part of the daily routine for most college students. This has led to a question amongst researchers whether students’ use of this networking site influences their academic outcomes. This literature review will examine and synthesize the published current research concerning the impact of Facebook on college students’ academic performance. Even though most studies are inconclusive in determining the relationship betweenRead MoreCommunication On The Internets Popularity1264 Words   |  6 Pagesexpanded by websites such as Facebook—an online social networking site—along with numerous other social media platforms, changing the way we socially interact with others and creating similar issues as the ones internet use brought. Facebook’ s popularity is constantly increasing ever since its creation in 2004 and now has over a billion users—over half of whom log in daily (Kalpidou, Costin, and Morris, 2011; Zhang, Tang, and Leung, 2011; Kross et al., 2013). Facebook further changed interpersonalRead MoreThe Psychological Needs Of A Social Network Service1512 Words   |  7 Pagesrapidly growing number of active users, Facebook is beginning to serve a huge social purpose for most young people. The use of online social network service, such as Facebook, provides people with the ability to remain socially connected with a large network of friends. Besides satisfying its users’ need to stay connected with their social groups, Facebook has also been shown to satisfy users’ psychological needs. However, recent research also links Facebook to the less desirable outcomes, particularlyRead MoreIs Facebook Killing Our Souls?1588 Words   |  7 PagesReport 2013). ‘Click’ and my message is on its way to my friend’s Facebook inbox hundred of miles away. The astonishing speed of how quick we can communicate in today’s societies, all thanks to social media. The invention of Facebook simplified everything we know about communication. We can connect to people whenever and wherever, sharing information has never been more convenient and exciting. In Shane Hipps’ Article, â€Å" Is Facebook Killing Our Souls?,† he has no intention to impede technologicalRead MoreSocial Implications of Facebook Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook is currently largest social networking site in the world based on monthly unique visitors – attracting 130 million unique visitors every day (Alexa Inc. 2012). The site’s popularity exploded in 2007 and it bypassed its social networking rival, MySpace, in April 2008 (Phillips 2007). Over the last few years Facebook has impacted people’s social lives in various ways. With its availability on modern s mart phones, Facebook enables users to continuously stay in touch with friends, relativesRead MoreSocial Media Effects On Relationships1338 Words   |  6 PagesInteraction Effects on Relationships Social media have become integrated deeply in people’s daily lifestyle. People inherently like relationships and social interactions. Social media platforms are web-mediated technology, or applications where it allows people to perform an individual account or group account, enabling them to post statuses, comments, pictures and even articles. They accomplish a long friends list and many social interactions whether real-life friends or online friends. Facebook is oneRead MoreSelf-Esteem an Social Media985 Words   |  4 PagesFacebook Activity and Self-Esteem Self-Esteem Self-esteem serves as the foundation for many components of who we are and our views on life. High levels of self-esteem have been correlated with greater satisfaction in multiple important aspects of life, including professions, salaries, relationships, and physical health (Orth, 2012). While good self-esteem can be associated with many benefits, low self-esteem is accompanied by countless negative qualities. In a recent study, it was found that adolescentsRead MoreFacebook And Its Effect On Our Lives1455 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Connect with friends and the world around you on Facebook† (Facebook,) is a slogan in the homepage of Facebook website that I will see at least one time per day when I open my Facebook. So, I think a lot of people out there, who is a Facebook’s user, will agree with me. According to the article â€Å"Almost as many people use Facebook as live in the entire country of China,† writes by Caitlin Dewey, more than 1.35 billion Faceboo k’s users in the world today, and it is nearly equal the China’s population

The Declaration Of Independence By J. Hector Essay

As expressed in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , America was born upon the belief that someone who has acquired citizenship or born in America is treated equally to one another. This is further conveyed in Letters from an American Farmer by J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur when he describes an American as someones who â€Å" is neither European, or the descendant of an European†¦. He is an American. who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, relieves new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds†¦. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men†¦.†(Letter 3). Becoming an American signifies adopting new set of cultural values and beliefs, while relinquishing your original cultural myths, in order to belong to its community. Crevecoeur implies that America cannot be bi or mul ticultural, one must lose their cultural identity in order to become an American. However, the U.S. is in increasingly becoming more ethnically diverse and with these new perspectives, it supposedly enriches America as a whole. In Eric Liu’s Notes of a Native Speaker, Liu describes the obstacles that he faced as a Chinese-American striving to assimilate into American society and conform into it’s norms. Liu becomes conscious to the fact that his cultural identity is at odds with the melting pot myth’s false promise that America’s culturalShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Influence On America993 Words   |  4 PagesWriters like Thomas Paine, J. Hector St. John De Crà ©vecoeur, and Thomas Jefferson thought America was strong enough to be independent. Between 1765 and 1790, the contradicting ideas of writers surrounding the definition of America built the identity of America through the argument stating that England was no longer America’s mother country. In Common Sense, Thomas Paine explained how America was dependent on England, but also showed why Americans should fight for their independence. In the process of becomingRead MoreThe Pursuit Of The American Identity Essay2170 Words   |  9 Pages Although through the trial and hardships, from 1492 to 1877 the core of the American identity, the frontier had a constant presence through the years, but through the founding of Jamestown and Plymouth, the American Revolution, Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin’s virtues, letters, Abolitionist, such as William Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, and the civil war, the definition of American identity as the ‘frontier’, grew and developed into something that defines what it means to be an AmericanRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesamong colonists. The American Revolution (1763-1789) was generated by an amalgam of factors, translated into a dissonance between the British perspe ctive on the colonies and the American colonial reality. The causes of the American movement for independence range from the benign neglect policy, the post-French-Indian war deals, the British taxation and legal strategies, to the steady emergence of a national American identity, different from the one across the ocean, in Britain. Combined, these factorsRead MoreThe Affirmative Action Act : An Outcome Of Minority Groups And Women2215 Words   |  9 Pagesargument. The cheering was long and loud† (Gage, 1863). Since the time of Fredrick Douglass to Reverend Martin Luther King and Malcom X the obvious cannot be over stated. The United States Declaration of Independence, which is the law of the land states that â€Å"all men are created equal† (Declaration of Independence, 1776). King stated in his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech in 1963 that someday his children â€Å"would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character† (King, 1963). ThisRead MoreDoctrine of Ultra Vires in Public Law3012 Words   |  13 PagesParliament and the Independence of the Judiciary. This Doctrine can be considered as the central principle in the whole of Administrative Law. In simple terms all what it says is that a public authority cannot act outside its powers and if it does so the act would be treated as null and void in law. Although this sounds simple, the Courts have developed this principle by extending and refining it over a long period of time. In the case of Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co. Ltd. V. Hector Riche (1875)Read MoreEssay on The American Christian Holocausts5005 Words   |  21 Pagesbecome disgusted with our manner of life, and the care and pains that are necessary to support it, and take the first good Opportunity of escaping again into the Woods, from whence there is no reclaiming them. (Stannard pp. 104) Stannard quotes J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur as stating Thousands of Europeans are Indians, and we have no examples of even one of these Aborigines having from choice become Europeans! Whites who lived among the Indians noted that Indian life possessed a strong senseRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 Pagescountry. Among them are Zoltan Kovecses (a Hungarian Professor of Linguistics in the Department of American Studies at Eotvos Lorand University), James Ciment (an American writer, journalist and famous M.E.Sharpe Publishing Inc. general editor), John Hector de Crevecoeur (a French immigrant writer), Louis Adamic (a novelist and a journalist) and many others. Some people describe American society as a salad bowl while others see it as a melting pot. In a sense both are correct depending upon onesRead MoreInternship Report on Ztbl20418 Words   |  82 PagesLtd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report many advantages to student that helps him throughout his life. Some advantages of internship program are given as under; ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ To gain professional experience and receive academic credit To enhance independence, responsibility and self-confidence To Interact and collaborate confidently with employees To share ideas with one another. To translate classroom knowledge into the professional work environment and to make plan, how to carry the activities. ïÆ'ËœRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesGeorge Washington University; Joseph D. DeVoss, DeVry University; Edward J. Glantz, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Godfrey, University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh; Robert Key, University of Phoenix; Dennis Krumwiede, Idaho State University; Nicholas C. Petruzzi, University of Illinois–Urbana/Champaign; William R. Sherrard, San Diego State University; S. Narayan Bodapati, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville; Warren J. Boe, Univer sity of Iowa; Burton Dean, San Jose State University; Kwasi

A Comparison of The Scarlet Letter and The Ministers...

Throughout his literary endeavors, Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes symbolism to present a certain theme that pertains to human nature and life. In his works, The Scarlet Letter and The Ministers Black Veil, Hawthorne uses symbolism to present a common theme pertaining to religion; that though manifested sin will ostracize a person from society, un-confessed sin will destroy the soul. The central theme in The Scarlet Letter is that manifested sin will ostracize one from society and un-confessed sin will lead to the destruction of the inner spirit. Hawthorne uses the symbol of the scarlet letter to bring out this idea. In the novel, Hester is forced to wear the scarlet letter A (the symbol of her sin) because she committed adultery†¦show more content†¦He suffers total deterioration, both physical and mental due to his hiding of his adultery and not claiming Pearl as his daughter. He physically tortures himself and over a period of several years he becomes emaciated and weak. It is only when he announces to the public atop the same scaffold that Hester had to bear her shame seven years earlier, that he gains relief and frees himself from the sin that plagued him, which allows him to die peacefully. In the short story, The Ministers Black Veil, Nathaniel Hawthorne presents a similar theme to that of The Scarlet Letter through the usage of the black veil that the Reverend Mr. Hooper drapes across his face to hide his secret transgressions from the world. The veil the clergyman wears is voluntary punishment, in contrast to the scarlet letter that Hester was forced to wear, though its consequences are similar for Reverend Hooper, as he becomes an outcast of society as well. Though everyone knows Hesters sin, no one can even find the courage to ask Father Hooper why he wears his veil. When his wife, Elizabeth, finally does ask him, he gives her no clear answer and thus the veils meaning is ambiguous and the townspeople all have their different theories for it including sin, sorrow, and weak eyes; though most fingers pointed towards a secret sin. The ambiguity of the black veil is similar to the ambiguity of the scarlet letter. At first the letter stood for the sin of adulteryShow M oreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1422 Words   |  6 Pages The eighteenth-century author, Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was most famous for his writings The Scarlet Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and an abundant array of other books and short stories. The stories that are mentioned contain a copious amount of symbolism throughout the entirety of each book. All the stories that he ever wrote have an underlying meaning and the symbolism was hidden within in the names, characters, placesRead MorePoe Hawthorne949 Words   |  4 PagesComparison/ Contrast of Poe/ Hawthorne Poe and Hawthorne are the most significant American writers of 19th century. They have their own way of relating to their audiences that’s varied and similar at the same time. Poe’s writing involves the reader emotionally. Hawthorne on the other hand considers author’s imagination important and paints a picture based on it. These innovative thoughts and experimentations in language have forever changed what we appreciate in writing. Poe and HawthorneRead MoreA Matter of The Heart Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagestry to conceal their sin in order to avoid the consequences that will result, while others are seen outwardly suffering the consequences of their actions. Those who try to conceal their sin find that the inward consequences continue to grow. The Scarlet Letter is an example of Hawthorne’s recognition of the repercussions of both hidden and revealed sin, each having lasting effects. Hawthorne presses at a seemly biblical view of sin and its conseq uences, but he is unable to provide a genuine absolution

Teen Suicide Essay - 605 Words

Daneshia Alberty Campbell EnglishIII-7 11 February, 2011 Teen Suicide Essay Teen suicide is one of the fastest killers for young teenagers. Every year thousands of teens die in the United States. There are many different reasons of why young teens commit suicide. Family issues, low self-esteem, and bullying are three of the many leading factors towards suicide for teens. Problems at home can cause a teenager to take their lives. Abuse in the home of the teenager can most often establish a suicidal situation. If the teenager feels lonely and trapped they will refer to suicide to escape from the physical abuse and emotions they feel. Physical abuse is not the only type of abuse that may lead a teen towards suicide. Emotional, verbal,†¦show more content†¦It can be recognized on the internet, phone calling, and gossiping,. In most cases teenagers who bully others find satisfaction in causing pain and injury to other teenagers. Being bullied is not a good experience to go through. Young teens who have been bullied seek out ways to esc ape all the pain and suffering. As a result, teen suicide is the third leading cause for all deaths for young adults. Abuse at home, having low self-esteem, and bullying are three of the many factors. Teenagers who are faced with the idea to commit suicide should immediately talk to a parent or counselor for help. Obviously there are many more factors for teen suicide: divorce of parents, feelings of worthlessness, rejection from family and friends, substance abuse, and deaths are other factors and reasons of why teenagers commit suicide. In many cases of suicide, teenagers will actually try to talk to someone about their problems. The young adult will show many signs and warnings before taking their lives. Most adults and teens never notice because they have no knowledge of all the signs and symptoms of suicide. Knowing theses signs will help to prevent most suicidal cases. It is important to show the teenager whom has thoughts of suicide unconditional love and emotional support. S uicide should not be anyone’s solution for escaping their problems. Work cited About Teen Suicide. KidsHealth - the Webs Most Visited Site about Childrens Health. Ed. Nemours. Web. 13Show MoreRelatedTeen Suicide And Suicide1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthem? Today suicide is one of the most prevalent causes of death for teenagers in the United states. The suicide rates for teens are astronomical. Writer Stephanie Pappas mentions teen suicide rates in her article Suicide: Statistics, Warning Signs and Prevention. In the article, Pappas writes â€Å"In 2015, suicide was the second leading cause of death in people 15 to 34 years of age and third leading cause of death in children aged 10 to 14, according to the CDC.’’ (Stephanie Pappas, Suicide: StatisticsRead MoreTeen Suicide1182 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencing loneliness, happiness and unconditional love. If life should be cherished why end it so soon? Suicide the most common way to get out of any hard situation that life throws at you. What exactly is the meaning of the word suicide? Well suicide is the act or an instance of taking ones own life voluntarily and intentionally especially by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind. Teens end their life so soon for number of reasons, like depression from a bad relationship, family problemsRead MoreTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1357 Words   |  6 Pagestake a more proactive step to prevent teen suicide by giving their students and staff more of an education. For example the Ontario Shores Mental Health Science wants schools to be more aware also; â€Å"Last week the Durham school boards announced a new curriculum to teach teachers about mental illness in youth, funded by the Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences in Whitby.† ( Scallan and Chantaie). A town in Ontario brought this issue of teen suicide up to the school board. The school boardRead MoreTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1371 Words   |  6 PagesGutierrez Concepcion Gutierrez-Yanez Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors April 6, 2017 Teen Suicide Brandy Vela, an eighteen-year-old high school student, committed suicide right in front of her family. Due to all the bullying over her weight, and especially in social media, she pulled the trigger and ended her life. It is said that her sister had heard a noisy disturbance and when she went upstairs to her sister’s room, she found Vela holding a gun pointing at her chest. â€Å"She is just crying and cryingRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Suicide1715 Words   |  7 Pagescommit suicide? What’s the first thing you would do? Scream? Cry? Help? Many people wish they had helped their friend after they commit suicide. Being the victim is scary, being the witness is scarier, and being the bystander is the scariest. Suicide has been a problem for a very long time. It can be caused by stress,anxiety, bullying, and mental illnesses. Teen suicide is a huge problem because there are so many situations that can stress you out and just make you give up, especially as a teen. AlmostRead MoreAn Essay on Teen Suicide798 Words   |  4 PagesTeen suicide My essay is on teen suicide there are a lot of suicides that happen in the U.S they are caused from being bullied also it can caused by being depressed. There is also a high increase of suicides for people who take antidepressants. All this information is true based on the sites below. 1) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/health/September-October-08/Teen-Suicide-Rate-Worries-Mental-Health-Experts.html 2) http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/20/nation/la-na-nn-funeral-illinois-teen-suicide-bullying-20131020Read MoreThe Problem Of Teen Suicide1609 Words   |  7 PagesTeen suicide is one of the largest problems facing America at the moment, and it will only become worse if the country does not come up with a solution. â€Å"According to the American Psychiatric Association, suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people between eleven and eighteen years of age (Teen Suicide).† American families can not keep losing sons and daughters to this entirely preventable epidemic. The largest issue with teen suicide is that Americans are using largely outdatedRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pages† offer little comfort, and even less hope to those considering suicide. Amongst U.S teens, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death more so than cancer, AIDS, chronic drug use, and heart disease combined. Common risk factors are bullying in school, hi story of sexual abuse, alcohol, and drug addiction, along with a history of mental illness in the family. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and suicide in urban, and remote areas. Factors such as social deprivation,Read MoreTeen Suicide Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Suicide Suicide is a growing problem in American culture. Sadly, teens are affected the most. Teen suicide is increasing rapidly. â€Å"About 5,000 teens in the United States kill themselves each year† (Peacock, 4). Suicide among teens is a serious and devastating crisis. More teens are taking their lives today than ever before. Teen suicide does not affect one specific type of teen; it affects any type of teen. There are a variety of reasons teens resort to committing suicide. Many people are workingRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbut if that s true then why is there an increase in teenagers committing suicide. We all know that the rate of teenage suicide has been on the rise just as fast as the rise of social media use. Teenage suicide is never a good thing and is heartbreaking to those it affects. As social media becomes more intertwined in young people s lives there has been an increase in teen suicide from cyber bullying. Often times young teens don t kno w the dangers and consequences social media can cause and makes

Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers Free Essays

string(94) " a prerequisite to maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and life as such\." Assessing the level of environmental literacy of teachers in Epe division of Lagos State, Nigeria Fatona P. Olugbenga School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: pius2pious@yahoo. ca 08033835621, Akinyele C. Babasope School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: akinyelecyril@yahoo. com 08037221905 Musah K. Toyin School of Public Health Nursing Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: musahk. toyin@yahoo. com 08033708027 Abstract The crucial role that teachers’ environmental literacy plays in realizing the goals of environmental education and its importance cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, this study sought to measure the environmental literacy of teachers who are saddled with responsibility of imparting environmental ideas and knowledge into the school-going population. The tudy employed a descriptive research design and administered questionnaires on four hundred (400) male and female teachers drawn from government controlled secondary schools that were randomly selected from the teachers’ corps in Epe division of Lagos Nigeria. However, three hundred and fifty-two (352) copies were retrieved and analyzed. A self-designed instrument that has a reliability coefficient of 0. 945 was used in gathering data which was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F-tests and T-tests). Three (3) null hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study; two (2) were accepted while one (1) was rejected. The findings revealed a tendency regarding the impact of training of teachers on their environmental literacy among others. Consequently, the study suggested the need for pre-service as well as in-service environmental education training of teachers and that the existing curriculum at all levels of education should be reviewed to richly include environmental sustainability. Keywords:Environmental literacy, education, teachers Introduction The earth is primarily life supporting system. It consists essentially biochemical processes that imbue it with the capacity to sustain life. As an ecosystem, the earth however, has a threshold within which it can effectively absorb or withstand interruptions and radical changes in the biochemical processes that help to sustain life. Unfortunately, development-oriented activities of man over the last century or so have primarily restructured the environment and upset the delicate balance of nature. It has resulted in a number of changes on the planet, earth. These changes are essentially inimical to the continued existence of man and other life forms here on earth (United Nations, 1992). For example, the air we breathe is constantly being overloaded with carbon dioxide and other poisonous material from vehicular emission, exhausts of industrial and power plant etc. Land are stripped bare of vegetation or polluted with oil spills and human waste. The use of ozone- depleting substance such as products with chlorofluorocarbon, halons and methyl bromides (from which plastics and foams are made) allow excessive levels of harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth, resulting in increased rates of skin cancer, eye damage and weakened immune system. There is higher rate of exploitation and use of natural resources and higher levels of waste become a global issue (United Nations, 1992). According to the Council of Ministers of Education (2005) sustainable development is both a goal and a concept. As a goal, it is an idea of a world where people protect the environment as they carry out their daily activities. As a concept, it involves conceptual probing about limits on natural resources, capacities of ecosystem and interactions among social, economic, political and environmental systems. In other words, it works towards a sustainable quality of life, now and in the future. Thus, Noibi and Lawal (1993) sees it as a development strategy wherein the physical assets, natural and human resources as well as available funds are managed in a manner that ensures increasing health and wealth for both the present and future generations on planet earth. The essences of sustainable development is to meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation of man and other living creatures, both plants and animals, without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations (NEST, 1991). The United Nations (1992), Uche (1995), UNESCO (1997) and Inyang-Abia (1998, 2001) all assert that education is humanity’s best hope and most effective means for the quest to achieve sustainable development at national or global levels. This may be due to the fact that sustainable development calls for the particular skills, knowledge, values and attitudes regarding the environment, the economy and the well-being of people. Perhaps, in response to the calls by UNESCO and United Nations, education for sustainability has become the norm in most countries of the world in recent years. In Nigeria, there have been some activities aimed at creating awareness and educating the masses on environmental issues. Initially the mass media, various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and government agencies were used to create awareness of the nature of the environment and the need for its sustainability, as Uche (1995) observed. The birth of Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) in the 1980’s, the rising interest among policy makers on the need for a sound environmental base for development, launching of national conservation strategy (NCS) in 1986, the natural resources conservation council (NRCC) in 1988 and the ultimate launching of the national policy on the environment in 1989 were all critical steps in the national drive towards environmental awareness and resources conservation. In order to facilitate the education of the citizenry for sustainability, the Nigeria government has infused environmental sustainability topics into the 2003 version of the national curriculum for primary schools (NERDC, 2003). The topics infused include population, pollution, soil management, waste and waste disposal, drugs and drug abuse, etc. The idea is to start education for sustainability from the foundation. While arrangements are made to do the same in higher levels of education, teachers are encouraged to incorporate environmental sustainability issues in their instruction (NERDC, 2003). The potential of environmental literacy as a vehicle to realize the educational agenda of sustainable development cannot be over-emphasized. According to Disinger and Roth (1992) environmental literacy is a prerequisite to maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and life as such. You read "Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers" in category "Papers" The development and fostering of environmental literacy need, therefore, to be a key objective in any general education programme (Roth, 1992). Apparently, the term â€Å"environmental literacy† does not mean the same to everyone. Since the first general reference to the concept â€Å"environmental literacy† appeared in 1969 (Roth, 1992), various researchers have made an effort to define it or to refine description of it. Example can be found in, inter alia, Clacherty (1992), Roth (1992) and Subbarini (1998). A definition of environmental literacy was developed from the various efforts of researchers such as Leeming, Porter, Dwyer, Cobern and Oliver (1997), Loubser (1994), Smith-Sebasto and Smith (1997), Pohorille (1985) and Buethe and Smallwood (1987). This definition was used for the purposes of this research and it stated that: Environmental literacy is the ability to be aware of one’s environment. It enriches one with the knowledge to realize the imbalances and threats the environment faces and enables one to form positive attitudes towards it with the aim of developing skills to resolve and prevent environmental problems and urge to protect and improve the environment for the present and future generations by active participation. A study was also made of various models comprising concepts researchers regard as important to environmental education and environmental literacy. From these attempts by, inter alia, Munson (1994), Odum (1992), Roth (1992) and Loubser (1994), ten concepts that were regarded as necessary for teachers to have a grasp of, before being able to really do justice to environmental education were identified. The ten concepts are in line with the definitions, aims, objectives and guiding principles of environmental education and preceding definition of environmental literacy. Each of the ten concepts is a cluster of related sub concepts representing aspects of environmental literacy. These ten concepts were selected mainly from major environmental area such as ecology and interactions in the environment, participation in the identification and prevention of environmental problems, decision making on environmental issues and environmental ethics. The ten concepts are biosphere, ecological perspective, interrelationship in an ecosystem, environmental changes, basic human needs, resources, maintaining environmental quality, the ability to make choices, decision-making on environmental issues, as well as environmental ethics. In most of these concepts there is a close link between knowledge, affect, skills and behaviour. Environmental literacy, therefore, is considered to be continuum of competencies raging from zero competencies to a very high competency. There is a broad spectrum of environmental literacy, from complete unawareness to deep, thorough understanding and concern (Buethe and Smallwood, 1997). For the purposes of this research a few distinguishable, but not separable, disposition levels on this continuum were identified, namely awareness, knowledge, attitude and participation. Teachers- more than any other professional group- can probably promote environmental literacy, by virtue of their interaction with society (more specifically learners, parents and colleagues). Teachers at all levels and subject areas have a role to play in this regard, i. e. contribute to the development of citizens who possess the basic understanding and skills to make informed decisions in matters affecting the environment and whose personal lifestyles support sustainable development. Teachers can, however, hardly assist learners to become environmentally literate if they themselves lack environmental literacy. Despite the important role teachers’ play in educating students, research into teacher’s level of environmental literacy has been extremely limited. The few studies that were reported indicated a relatively low level of environmental literacy. An example is a study by Buethe and Smallwood (1997) which stated that the environmental literacy of Indiana teachers is far from optimal. In addition several researchers, for example, Schreuder (1995), Braus (1995) and Papadimitriou (1995), mentioned that most teachers are not trained to do justice to environmental education. It seems, therefore, imperative to be able to determine the state of affairs regarding the environmental literacy of the teacher corps. Hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study: 1. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 2. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 3. There is no significant difference in the level of environmental literacy between teachers who receive training in environmental education and those who did not receive any training. Method Research design This is a descriptive survey research design of ex-post facto because the variables being studied had occurred and were not manipulated by the researchers. Instrumentation The questionnaire developed in this study consisted of two sections- section A which comprised items on background demographic information of respondents and section B which comprised 30 items dealing with the various aspects of environmental literacy assessed in this study. The items were developed according to a matrix with the ten central concepts representing environmental literacy on one axis and the disposition level of the respondent on the other axis. A 4-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’ was used as a response-measuring scale. Sample The study sample was drawn from the entire population of teachers in public secondary schools in Epe division of Lagos State. It consisted of 400 teachers randomly selected from 40 secondary schools randomly selected from the 4 local governments that make up the division. Questionnaires were however, adequately completed by 352 teachers. These respondents were representative of gender, age, learning area taught and qualifications obtained. Procedure Three research assistants were employed to assist in administering the printed questionnaires on the teachers in their respective schools. In some cases the filled questionnaire were returned on the spot while in other cases the research assistants went back on a different day to collect the completed questionnaires. Data analyses The data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F tests and t tests). Results and discussion Hypothesis 1 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification’. Table 1:Level of environmental literacy of teachers with different qualifications |Qualification N Means SD | |NCE 103 416. 31 35. 71 | |B Ed 64 418. 88 37. 62 | |B A 24 417. 50 51. 4 | |B Sc 12 446. 00 41. 59 | |Other 149 422. 58 40. 48 | F (4. 347) = 1. 70; p0. 05 The respondents were divided into five categories based on highest academic qualification as indicated in table 1. In order to compare the mean scores of the five groups an analysis of variance (F test) was carried out. The results of the F test, which appear in table 1, revealed that the null hypothesis could not be rejected (p0. 5). It can, therefore, be concluded that there is no significant difference between the average environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification. It appears that this result contradicts research results reported by Buethe and Smallwood (1997), if one assumes that almost all secondary school science teachers in the USA have a BSc degree. According to them, science teacher s had higher levels of environmental literacy than other teachers. Hypothesis 2 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition’. In order to test this null hypothesis, the respondents were divided into eight categories. According to an analysis of variance (F test), the null hypothesis cannot be rejected when the means of the total score obtained for the questionnaire are compared [F (7. 344) = 1. 81; p0. 05]. This result is in line with a finding from a study by Abraham and Chacko (1999), according to which teacher training college lecturers have average environmental literacy, irrespective of the subjects they teach. An analysis of the mean scores (F test) obtained for the four dl fields in the eight categories revealed, however, an interesting picture. The results for the Knowledge dl field are indicated in Table 2. Table 2:Knowledge dl field scores of teachers in different learning areas |Learning area N Mean SD | |Language, literacy and communication 133 98. 62 11. 1 | |Human and social science 47 100. 49 9. 60 | |Maths, maths’ literacy and maths’ science 66 99. 36 8. 69 | |Natural science 76 103. 66 10. 89 | |Arts and culture 12 100. 2 4. 40 | |Economic and management science 9 103. 33 16. 12 | |Life orientation 7 90. 43 5. 06 | |Technology 2 100. 00 2. 83 | F (7. 344) = 2. 74; p How to cite Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers, Papers

Destruction and Construction Materials Research †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Destruction and Construction Materials Research. Answer: Introduction: There is about 91% of the waste materials that has been derived directly from the different sectors of CD wherein a small amount is descend from the industrial, municipal as well as commercial sectors management that can be derived from figure 2.1 and 2.2. The main source of the CD materials that includes asphalt, bricks rubble that are concrete in nature, excavation store as well as the rock are the different sectors of CD that helps in providing large volumes of CD related materials that are the ones which is homogenous in nature. The actual record of the materials of the CD were 6.56 million tonnes in the year 2008-2009 in Victoria wherein there was an increase of 4% (Proper sustainability in the year 2009) from the last year. The figure 2.3 helps in showing that the solid waste was being disposed in the landfills of Victoria that has been decreased to 3.74 million tonnes that was even down to 7% from the last year. According to the proper sustainability in Victoria in the year 2009, the total recovery of the waste materials in the year 2008-2009 has been increased to 4% or 108000 tonnes that has been compared with the previous year as well. The figure 2.4 as well as 2.5 helps in showing that the waste materials that was major in nature has been recycled crushed in a concrete manner and the rate of recovery rate remained steady with minimal increase of 1%. Furthermore, concrete is the main portion of CD collection that represented that the 56% of the total weight helped in following the excavation or rock stone, asphalt as well as brick rubble at 22%, 5% and 10% respectively. On the other hand figure 2.5 helps in indicating the strong growth has been properly observed in proper terms of the recovery of the materials of CD during the previous decade. Waste Resources in New South Wales A proper guideline was used for the reuse of the materials of CD in the pavement of the roads that has been developed by the Roads as well as Traffic authority, 1988 as well as Resource of NSW. Furthermore, the resource of NSW and RTA has been properly developed specification of the unbound base as well as subbase resources for the works for the road pavement. Proper strategy has been made available for the recycled resources supply for drainage as well as road by Resource NSW, 2003. The classification of the materials as well as limits those are acceptable in nature for different applications have been illustrated in 2.7 and 2.8 table respectively. The proper guideline has been created for the natural materials and the limit that has been set for the different kinds of the foreign resources for recycled materials building according to the traffic category that has been shown in table 2.9. There are different infrastructures of utility that includes sewers; gas pipelines as well as water are properly located underneath the road pavements. It is important to dig big trenches in order to properly repair as well as reinstall the pipelines that are new in nature and these needs to be subsequently backfilled with pipelines. This is most convenient as well as cost effective technique for pipeline installation. In the pipeline installation, proper backfilling is required with good material quality and this will ensure service life as well. The method of backfilling method involves disposing of materials that are excavated and import of high class granular resources. On the other hand, this is not cost effective method in terms of purchasing as well as cost of importing new resources that includes implications of environment using the virgin materials. Viability and Sustainability of Recycling The researchers have investigated reuse of materials that are recycled for different purposes of civil engineering applications. There are different barriers that prevent huge usage on recognition of materials of CD in specifications and the requirement of research to demonstrate suitability of materials recycled that have environmental management, economic as well as social benefits. The Victoria Sustainability 2009 state that recycling business is contributing to environment by reducing emission of green house gases as well as delivering strategy of energy along with preserving virgin resources that are non renewable in nature. It also helps in mentioning that analysis of life cycle modeling Victoria saved 82 million giga-joules energy in the year 2007-08 by proper substitution of virgin resources with materials recycled. Furthermore, process of recycling in Victoria has prevented 4 million tonnes of the green house gases that is equal to removing 676,000 cars from road. In the yea r 2007-08recycling business of Victoria added $85 million to the economy of state. The Resources and waste action program in the year 2006 found current industry of recycling saves 10-15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide that is equal to 10% of annual emissions of carbon dioxide in the transport department. Furthermore, recycling is the best strategy in offering more environmental merits and lower impact on environment as well. Proper sustainability in Victoria helps in indicating that reprocessing strategies of Victoria employed 1600 individuals associated with recycling of materials usage that are secondary in nature. There is 19% increase from the preceding year and the National Recycling Coalition of U.S 2007 reports about 70 million tonnes of resources that are diverted by recycling along with compositing away the landfills as well as incinerators.

Digital Image Processing using Computer Algorithms

Question: Discuss how the digital image processing uses computer algorithms to carry out image processing tasks on digital image files? Answer: Introduction Digital image processing uses computer algorithms to carry out image processing tasks on digital image files. This is more related to the domain of digital signal processing. Compared to analog image processing, there are various advantages of digital image processing and it has wide range of application in various domains. Digital image processing can be used to find out noise and distortions in digital images. An image can have two or more dimensions. Digital processing can be also extended to multi-dimensional models. (Burger Burge, 2009), (Jhne, 2005). Large building, civil infrastructures like pipelines are prone to damages over time. Digital image processing can be used to find such damages in a faster and effective way. It will help state agencies to monitor their assets and take decision about managing those assets. Thus this is an application of digital image processing in civil engineering domain. The applications of digital image processing is more focused on areas like inspection on underground pipelines, conditions of pavements on roads etc. (Zheng, Kong, Nahavandi, 2002) In the next sections of this report, there will be discussion on design specification and approach taken in designing a model for detecting defects on metal surfaces and rusts. Design Specification Any automated defect recognition method based on digital image processing will have some common stages. Those stages are, Acquisition of image Processing of image Analysis of data. Acquisition of image In this stage, images of the objects are acquired. Automated defect recognition system based on digital processing are mainly used by bridges and other civil constructions, on such constructions a common damage is rust, breaks etc. Digital image processing helps in detecting these damages. Digital images of the damages are acquired. These pictures are taken manually and retaining quality and visibility of the parts, color, quoting etc. of the bridges. After taking the images, data sets are created from those images. These data sets will be used in later part of the process and in data analysis. These sets are further tested and broken down into two groups consisting of defective and non-defectives images. Images of the bridge parts having no rust are kept in the non-defective images group. Images with small to medium levels of rusts are kept into defective group.(Lee, 2010) Processing of image In this stage, the color images are transformed into greyscale images. There are three primary colors in a color image. The primary colors are red, green and blue. Any color can be developed from different combinations and quantity of these three primary colors. There are total 224 possible colors that can be developed by mixing these colors and under 256(28) color shades. Images represented by grey scale will be represented by 8 bits only (Xie, 2007). Based on the lights intensity a value will be assigned to each of the light intensity representation ranging from 0 to 255. Each pixel will have any of these 256 values. 0 represents black and 1 represents white. All other values represents some variations of grey between black and white. It will help to reduce the size of images significantly. Thus the computational efficiency while working with the images will be improved. Now, a defect image will be compared to another defect and non-defect images. The level of similarity and dissim ilarity between the results from these two comparison will be calculated. (Lee, 2010) A method to compute these comparisons is representing the images using matrices and then comparing the Eigen values of the matrices. If there is a larger difference in the pair wise comparison then the differentiating power will become significantly higher. The calculation process goes as, two dimensional special coordinates are used for representing digital images. For example, f(x,y) will be of size m x n. at any point (x,y) the value of f(x,y) will be proportional to the brightness of that point in the image. In this process, pixels with more brightness are assigned with higher values and pixels with more darkness are assigned to some lower value. Then one reference image of same size is added to the process. Then the covariance matrix is calculated. The eigenvalues of this matrix is used for extracting shape information from the grey scale distribution from the pair wise comparisons. If the eigenvalue is larger enough then that represents the variance along the major axis of the shape of the pixel distribution. If the eigenvalue is smaller enough then that represents the variance along with the minor axis of the same. A two dimensional mapping is used for representing the distribution. If there is two identical images compared in th e pair wise comparison then the smaller eigenvalue will be near to or equal to zero. (Louban, 2009) Analysis of data At this stage, images of the coating of the objects are processed for generating Eigen values. Again two pairwise comparisons are done. One is about comparing two non-defective images and another is -comparison of one defective image with another non-defective image. All results from these comparisons are obtained. Five attributes are calculated from the results. These five attributes are average, maximum, minimum, variance and standard deviation. Then a scale is developed for categorizing and calculating the Eigen values. Design Approach There are various approaches in automated defect recognition method by using digital image processing. Some of the earlier works were based on mathematical calculations based on matrices, statistical analysis etc. With time digital image processing technologies have advanced and these defect detection algorithms, process, procedures have also advanced. In this work, basic mathematical approach based on Eigen values of the matrices, co-variance etc. have been used. (Lee, 2010), (Mery Rueda, Advances in Image and Video Technology, 2007) There are basically three important parts of the system. First part is a good digital image processing unit that will be able to taking good quality images of the objects. In most of the cases automated defect recognition based on digital image processing procedures are used for bigger civil constructs like bridges, pipelines etc. Thus taking good quality pictures from right angels and distances is necessary. After designing the image processing system, it needs an application that will convert the color images into appropriate greyscale formats. It should be done very carefully by focusing on the range of greyscale representations of the pixels. (Lee, 2010) The application also needs to apply transforming the greyscale images into corresponding matrix forms suitable for further analysis and then calculation of the matrices, Eigen values, co-variances etc. From these calculations, the representations will be compared with two different images from the defect and non-defect groups. The comparison module will find the differences between the pairs. Based on the values found from the comparisons statistical analysis processes will be applied to find more useful information about the defects, levels of defects and possible suggestions like minimum defect, maximum defect, average defect etc. Based on these suggestions, further actions on those damages can be decided. Result and Conclusion In this discussion so far, the focus has been given on automated defect recognition based on digital image processing for the civil constructs like bridges, pipelines etc. in most of the cases damages to these constructs are related to rust, fracture etc. For finding suitable methodology and design approach, literature review of the previous works have been used. There have been significant amount of work on this topic. There are various methodologies and approaches are available from those the one based on matrices, Eigen value and covariance has been selected. This process is particularly helpful for recognizing any rust on the coating of the bridges through image processing activities. The defect recognition method or process has been designed based on pair wise comparison of images and calculation of Eigen values. In the selected approach Eigen values is a key distinguishing feature between a defective image and a non-detective one. (Lee, 2010), (Mery, 2002) The methodology used for detection of rust, is based on three stages, acquisition of images, processing of images and analysis of data found from processing of images. During acquisition of images, images of the object like a bridge, are taken and those are separated into two data sets. The data sets are defective images and non-defective images. In the next stage, processing of those images are carried out. Processing is mainly related to transforming the color images into grey scale images then calculating Eigen values of the image and then comparing the Eigen values for images from each of the pairs. The Eigen values found from the analysis are distributed on some two dimensional distribution map. Five statistical values are then calculated from the distribution and those are categorized into a suitable tabular format. This method is effective for identifying rusts on bridges etc. as described in the paper. But there are some limitations of these methods and approaches. External c haracteristics of an object can be easily and effectively captured by digital image processing methodology. But examination of the internal conditions is not possible using digital image processing. This is more complex when an object is like pipelines etc. internal damages to the pipelines is not possible in this process. So, this method is only acceptable if external condition examination is primary importance. In practice, comprehensive field testing process is needed along with these methodologies. It will enhance validity of the proposed methodology. (Lee, 2010) References Burger, W., Burge, M. J. (2009). Digital Image Processing. Springer . Castleman. (2007). Digital Image Processing. Pearson . Jhne, B. (2005). Digital Image Processing. Springer. Kamel, M., Campilho, A. (2007). Image Analysis and Recognition. Springer . Lee, S. (2010). Automated Defect Recognition Method by Using Digital Image Processing. Conference on Associated Schools of Construction. Boston. Louban, R. (2009). Image Processing of Edge and Surface Defects. Springer . MacKenzie, D. S., Totten, G. E. (2005). Analytical Characterization of Aluminum, Steel, and Superalloys. CRC Press. Mery, D. (2002). New Approaches for Defect Recognition with X-ray Testing. Mery, D., Rueda, L. (2007). Advances in Image and Video Technology. Springer . Toriwaki, J., Yoshida, H. (2009). Fundamentals of Three-dimensional Digital Image Processing. Springer . Xie, X. (2007). A Review of Recent Advances in Surface Defect Detection using. Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis, 1-22. Zheng, H., Kong, L., Nahavandi, S. (2002). Automatic inspection of metallic surface defects using genetic algorithms. Elsevier.